
Photo by Koen Vereeken via Flickr
If you have ever taken even the most basic of business classes in your life, there’s about a 95% chance you have come across the classic 2×2 matrix. Used often in the consulting world, these matrixes are used in order to demonstrate relationships between data points and used to make decisions based on how the points compare to the average. Player Efficiency Rating and Usage Rate are two advanced statistics commonly used to evaluate a player’s effectiveness and how he is being used.
For those unfamiliar with these two stats, a quick primer:
Player Efficiency Rating (PER): Developed by ESPN’s John Hollinger, PER is the overall rating of a player’s per minute statistical production. The league average for PER is 15.00.
Usage Rate: This is the number of possessions a player uses per 40 minutes. Essentially, it is used to demonstrate how big of role a player has in a team’s offense. You can find the complete formula in this glossary. The league average is 19.15.
In the chart below, PER is plotted on the y-axis (vertical) while Usage Rate is plotted on the x-axis (horizontal). The 2×2 matrix naturally creates quadrants which can be interpreted as follows:
Top right quadrant: Players that fall in this quadrant rate above the league average in both PER and Usage Rate. This is where you’ll find your LeBrons, Kobes, and Durants of the league.
Top left quadrant: Players that fall in this quadrant rate above the league average in PER, but below the average Usage Rate. You can make the argument that these players should be getting the ball more on the offensive end. A sample of players that fall into this category are Ray Allen, Pau Gasol, and Gerald Wallace.
Bottom left quadrant: Players that fall in this quadrant rate below the league average in both PER and Usage rate. In a traditional 2×2 matrix, this is where you’d typically find the worst case scenarios, but that is not necessarily the case here. This quadrant will contain players who performing below average, but not heavily involved in a team’s offense which makes sense. Think Tyrus Thomas, Anthony Parker, and Joel Anthony here.
Bottom right quadrant: Players that fall in this quadrant rate below the league average in PER, but above the average Usage Rate. If there is a “concern quadrant,†this is it. These players are not playing well, yet still are heavily featured in a team’s offense. Michael Beasley, Austin Daye, and Samardo Samuels would like to say hello.
If you’ve been reading Hardwood Paroxysm for a while, you may recall Matt Moore conducting a similar study comparing these two statistics two years ago. I decided to take a different approach. Let’s take a look at each team, shall we?
ATLANTA

Will Joe Johnson ending up being the highest paid player from the Summer of 2010 ever stop being hilarious? You know, if you live outside of Atlanta that is. Second only in Usage Rate on the team to Josh Smith, Johnson’s PER is only good enough for fifth on the team.
BOSTON

Boston does a great job of getting the ball in the hands of its best players which is seen in Rondo, Garnett, and Pierce appearing in the upper right quadrant while Ray Allen flirts with it. It will be interesting to see how much of an effect the shortened season will have on the legs of the older veterans on the team; when April rolls around, I’d expect to see a dip in PER for The Big Three.
CHARLOTTE

Did you ever watch Animaniacs as a kid when they had the Good Idea, Bad Idea cutaways? Good Idea: Having your first pick in the draft with the highest Usage Rate on the team. Bad Idea: Having Byron Mullens with the highest PER on the team. The Bobcats 2010 playoff appearance seems like it was eons ago, doesn’t it?
CHICAGO

Derrick Rose is better at playing the game of basketball than you. Chicago has done a great job of getting the ball in the hands of their best player as Rose has the highest Usage Rate on the team and, as you would expect, is putting up one of the highest PER in the league.
CLEVELAND

The Cavs aren’t seriously going to challenge for the 8 seed this year, right? It’s scary that in a weak East, this is actually possible. Kyrie Irving has been better than anyone expecting thus far posting a PER of 21.4, good enough for highest on the Cavs. I haven’t heard from all of those people that thought the Cavs should have taken Derrick Williams first overall lately.
DALLAS

I’d say something here about Vince Carter’s below average PER, but I’m not sure I want to deal with the wrath of Mark Cuban. Lamar Odom is the biggest concern here for the Mavs right now with an above average Usage Rate and hideous PER. Time will tell if Dallas is simply not a good fit for him or he is simply struggling to adjust from a rough offseason.
DENVER

Denver has five players (Ty Lawson, Corey Brewer, Al Harrington, Danilo Gallinari, and Nene) who fall into the top right quadrant, tied for the most of any team in the league. They currently have no one who falls in the dreaded bottom right quadrant which indicates that they have been successful at getting the ball into the right players hands and having them produce. I wouldn’t go so far as saying Denver is a contender in the West, but they could pose problems for a team in the first round of the playoffs.
DETROIT

I’ve never met Austin Daye. I’m sure he is a very nice person. That being said, seeing his stats made me have a what I call a Mike Bibby Moment. Inspired by Bibby’s atrocious playoff performance last year, I define a Mike Bibby Moment as those moments when I say to myself, “I know I can’t actually play in the NBA, but watching (Player X) makes me really reconsider that thought.†Of 321 players in the NBA which qualified to have their PER calculated, Daye has the worst PER with a jaw dropping -2.2. He is third in Usage Rate on the Pistons. You’re not going to believe this, but Detroit has three wins on the year.
GOLDEN STATE

The Warriors have played a brutal schedule thus far with nine of their first 10 games coming against likely playoff teams. Unfortunately, yet another ankle injury to Steph Curry has sidelined Golden State’s leader in PER for the time being. Expect Nate Robinson’s Usage Rate to go up in the next few weeks because, well, have you seen Nate Robinson play before?
HOUSTON

KYLE LOWRY OVER EVERYTHING! In all seriousness, Lowry has been outstanding thus far for the Rockets with a PER hovering around 25 and a Usage Rate just under 24. The rest of Houston? Decidedly average. No one is really being overused or underused. No one is performing spectacularly well or poorly. It’s the epitome of the Rockets over the past few years: too good to get a high draft pick, not good enough to be a serious contender.
INDIANA

As an Indianapolis resident, I came into this season with, what I thought were, irrationally high hopes for the Pacers. I thought that they had a ceiling of a 3 seed and could potentially make it as far as the Eastern Conference Finals. With Boston struggling mightily, the Magic potentially trading Dwight Howard, and me having doubts about Philadelphia’s ability to sustain their hot early play, suddenly a 3 seed doesn’t seem out of the question. All of this is happening with Danny Granger having the highest Usage Rate on the team, yet a below average PER. If he gets on track, watch out.
LOS ANGELES CLIPPERS

I’m contractually obligated by the National Basketball Association to use the term LOB CITY in everything I write about the Clippers so I’ll get it out of the way now. The Clips have been as good as advertised thus far with their only losses coming at San Antonio, home against Chicago, and at Portland. Individually, the usual suspects Chris Paul and Blake Griffin are playing well, but Mo Williams has quietly been having a solid season as well with a PER at 16.74.
LOS ANGELES LAKERS

Outlier: a point in a sample widely separated from the main cluster of points in the sample. See also: Bryant, Kobe. We’ll probably need to add that last part of the definition into the next dictionary update after seeing this graph. Fueled by his insane scoring streak of four straight games where he eclipsed 40 points and the fact that he leads the league in field goal attempts by a whopping 120, Kobe is on a planet of his own when it comes to PER and Usage Rate. Not that Kobe and his reputation for not passing the ball is 100% to blame for it, but everyone outside of Andrew Bynum and Bryant having below average Usage Rates is a telling sign.
MEMPHIS

The Grizzlies’ backup PG situation is a mess. Jeremy Pargo was playing so poorly that he was supplanted by Josh Selby who previously had four straight DNP-Coach’s Decision to his credit. If Memphis is going to make another deep run in the playoffs, they’re going to need someone off the bench who does not have the lowest PER on the team, a title both Selby and Pargo are battling for right now.
MIAMI

What? You were expecting something different? LeBron is making a bid for his third MVP in four years. Dwyane Wade, although hampered by injury in the past week, has been great as well. And Chris Bosh looks far more comfortable in his role this year compared to last year. Mario Chalmers having an above average PER with a below average Usage Rate is actually the perfect design for this team. His primary role should be getting the ball in the hands of the Big Three while his secondary role is contributing where he can offensively when one of them gets double teamed.
MILWAUKEE

The Bucks have always seemed like one of those teams that casual fans just sort of forget are in the NBA. Outside of Andrew Bogut, and even that may be debatable, nobody on this team really “moves the needle†when it comes to generating interest. Brandon Jennings is having a good season thus far along with Drew Gooden who continues his Pokemon-esque quest to play for every team in the league: Gotta join ‘em all!
MINNESOTA

You have to think you’d want more out of the number two overall pick in the draft than a below average PER and Usage Rate, but that’s exactly where Derrick Williams sits currently. Michael Beasley, another number two overall pick, checks in with a disappointing 7.41 PER, yet the third highest Usage Rate on the team. The good news is that the true stars of the team, Ricky Rubio and Kevin Love, are playing extremely well this year, and they should serve as a terrific foundation moving forward.
NEW JERSEY

Kris is Mikhail’s kremlin and really doesn’t antagonize so he is absolutely needed. However, Humphries can’t escape Kim Kardashian references no matter where he goes and is getting booed in arenas across the country despite posting a respectable 19.88 PER. I’ll give him a reprieve in this post though. Just kidding. You know how the first sentence in this section made no sense whatsoever? Reread it and pay attention to the initial letters of each of the words.
NEW ORLEANS

“The Hornets are a perfect Ewing Theory candidate! Eric Gordon is going to be the future of this franchise! Don’t count out New Orleans!†That was a fun couple of weeks when people were saying that. Looking at the stats, the Hornets are another team who looks like they should have a better record. With Gordon out though, they lack a true playmaker which contributed to a six game losing streak and nine losses in 10 games.
NEW YORK

Miami and New York’s charts are incredibly similar. The stars are in the top right quadrant as expected (in this case, Amar’e and Carmelo). A rookie point guard with a high Usage Rate and low PER (Norris Cole for Miami, Iman Shumpert here). One key role player with a high PER and low Usage Rate (Mario Chalmers, Tyson Chandler). And the rest of the team in the low PER, low Usage Rate quadrant. The difference is that Miami’s Big Three is far superior to the Knicks’ Large Two which is why Miami will finish well ahead of the Knicks at the end of the season.
OKLAHOMA CITY

If the Knicks were most similar to Miami, then Oklahoma City is the mirror image of the Clippers. Kevin Durant, Russell Westbrook, and James Harden are all having tremendous seasons thus far, and no one on the Thunder is being overutilized. Overall, I’d say that OKC has the ideal distribution and production they are getting out of their team; it should come as no surprise then that they are the heavy favorites to represent the West in the Finals come June.
ORLANDO

Ryan Anderson? Really? Yes, I know what you’re thinking. Anderson is having an incredibly underrated season as he is averaging 18 points and 7 rebounds per game so far and currently ranks second on the team in PER behind Dwight Howard. On the other hand, it looks like Boston got the better end of the Brandon Bass-Glen Davis deal as Davis is still trying to get on track in Orlando; he currently sits with a PER in the single digits.
PHILADELPHIA

The 76ers are unquestionably the surprise of the season thus far, but you’d never know it looking at the chart. There are so many weird things about their chart here. Only two players have an above average Usage Rate? All but two players on the team have an above average PER? Lou Williams has the highest PER on the team? This is one of those that I expect to see change significantly by the end of the year.
PHOENIX

Can we please take up a collection for Steve Nash and get him traded to a contender? If Larry Bird could find a way to bring him to the Pacers, he’d become remain a legend in Indiana. Instead, Nash languishes on the Suns who boast no fewer than six players with a below average PER. Aside from Marcin Gortat, Nash is getting next to no help, and time is unfortunately running out on his career. Free Steve Nash!
PORTLAND

I like this Portland team a lot, and I feel like they’re a classic example of their whole being greater than the sum of their parts. LaMarcus Aldridge is a bona fide All-Star and potential Olympian, but statistically is not getting much help from teammates. Raymond Felton’s January shooting slump (32.1% FG, 11.8% 3P% this month) hurt his PER. Despite this, Portland is still a respectable 8-5 on the young season.
SACRAMENTO

And on the other hand, you have a classic example of the parts being greater than the whole with the Kings. Sacramento has four players who fall in the upper right quadrant, zero in the lower right quadrant, and still find themselves only 0.5 game better than the Hornets, the worst team in the West. Of everyone on the team, Demarcus Cousins is playing well, but he’s clearly not what you’d call an ideal locker room guy. As they continue to work through the early season coaching change, I think it’s safe to say that the Cavs will not be getting the 2012 lottery protected pick Sacramento owes them from the JJ Hickson-Omri Casspi trade.
SAN ANTONIO

“Manu Ginobli has the highest PER in the league!â€â€¦is something you’d be happy with if you weren’t concerned about small sample sizes. The other pieces of San Antonio’s Big Three, Tim Duncan and Tony Parker, continue to play well even as they are on the downside of their careers. The guy that jumped out to me the most is Danny Green who, prior to this year, I believe was best known for picking up LeBron’s laundry while in Cleveland (Note: Wikipedia is blacked out on Wednesday so technically you can’t prove this isn’t true). Green has performed well putting up a PER of just over 20, good enough for highest on the team of players who have played in more than five games.
TORONTO

If the Raptors could play the Cavs every game, they’d be one of the top four teams in the East. However, logistical issues make this an impossibility so instead they have four wins on the season. No one still refers to Jamaal Magloire as a former All-Star anymore, right? If so, let’s all agree to stop that. Deal? Deal. Toronto should have temperatures below 0 in January, not a player’s PER.
UTAH

Looking purely at the stats doesn’t exactly support it, but I can almost guarantee that if you asked Jazz fans if they want a redo on the Deron Williams for Devin Harris and Derrick Favors trade, you would get a resounding, “No!†While both Harris and Favors are hovering around the average Usage Rate and PER numbers, they have to be in infinitely better spirits than Williams who is counting down his days left on the Nets.
WASHINGTON

Oh. Oh my. So. Much. Blood. Washington is the only team in this analysis to not have a single player fall into the upper right quadrant. They have four players (Young, Wall, Blatche, and Crawford) which fall into the dreaded bottom right quadrant of over-utilized, underperforming players. They only have two players (Booker and McGee) above the league average in PER. Sadly, I don’t know of a way to quantify John Wall’s Dougie skills in order to make Washington look better, so I think it’s best if we just end here.